Lion optimization algorithm for team orienteering problem with time window

<span>Over the last decade, many nature-inspired algorithms have been received considerable attention among practitioners and researchers to handle several optimization problems. Lion algorithm (LA) is inspired by a distinctive lifestyle of lions their collective behavior in social groups. LA has presented as powerful solve various In this paper, proposed investigate its performance solving one most popular widespread real-life problems called team orienteering problem with time windows (TOPTW). However, any population-based metaheuristic, very efficient exploring search space, but inefficient exploiting it. So, paper proposes enhancing tackle TOPTW utilizing strong ability explore space improving exploitation ability. This enhancement achieved via process territorial defense generate trespass nomadic lion prevail pride fighting males. As result process, an enhanced (ILA) emerged. The obtained solutions compared best known standard results former studies. conducted experimental test verifies effectiveness ILA it competitive state-of-the-art methods across all tested instances.</span>